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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people suffering from ADHD take medication for the condition. It can ease symptoms but can also cause adverse effects. Consult your physician in the event of any adverse reactions. The most frequently prescribed medication prescribed by healthcare providers for ADHD is stimulants. These medications increase levels of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters that control the attention span and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a first-choice stimulant used to treat ADHD in both adults and children. It increases activity in certain parts of the brain that assist control attention and behaviour. Methylphenidate may also be used to treat other ailments like narcolepsy. It can aid people suffering from the condition to stay alert and improve their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication has a high risk of abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. This medication can be taken exactly as prescribed to reduce the risk of abuse and the adverse negative effects. Methylphenidate can trigger psychotic symptoms in some people. It can also exacerbate behavior problems and tics in those with bipolar disorder or Tourette's syndrome. Before taking this medication, those suffering from these conditions should consult their doctor. Tell your doctor if there are any other health issues or if you are allergic to dyes or foods. (For instance, tartrazine is a yellow dye that can be found in processed food items and some medications. If you're taking Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate may interact with certain medications, such as opioid medicines, antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors like isocarboxazid (Marplan), linezolid (Zyvox) and methylene blue, phenelzine (Nardil), rasagiline (Azilect), selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar) or tranylcypromine (Parnate). Avoid alcohol and other stimulant substances while taking methylphenidate. These drugs can cause a negative effect on your heart rate or blood pressure. The tablets with immediate release methylphenidate (Ritalin) and the long-acting chewable tablet and the long-acting orally disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain phenylalanine. It can be dangerous if you suffer from an inherited condition known as Phenylketonuria (PKU). Bupropion Bupropion is an antidepressant medicine that works with the brain to improve mood and reduce symptoms of ADHD. It can also be used to treat depression and seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a type of depression that is common in the fall and winter months. It can also be used to aid people in quitting smoking by reducing nicotine cravings and withdrawal symptoms. A number of studies conducted on adults have demonstrated that bupropion improves ADHD symptoms compared to placebo. The pooled fixed effect RR for improvements in week 6 (using an increase in clinical significance of 30% or more on the CGI) is 1.14 (95%CI 0.95-1.37). For the overall response, this equals 52 percent of the bupropion-treated group and 37% of the placebo group. Bupropion can have serious and sometimes life-threatening interactions with a number of different drugs, including sedatives antidepressants and some blood pressure medications. It can also increase the risk of seizures in people who have a history of high blood pressure or seizures. It is also contraindicated for people suffering from certain medical conditions. It is not recommended for women who are nursing or pregnant. Bupropion can be found in the brand-name medications Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Budeprion SR, Aplenzin, and Forfivo XL. It is also available as a generic drug. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants, also known as TCAs are a class of drugs that work by affecting brain chemicals. They were one of the first antidepressants to be developed, and although they are no longer the first-line treatment for depression, they are still beneficial for people suffering from other disorders. They work by inhibiting the reuptake of dopamine serotonin, and noradrenaline, thereby increasing their presence in neurons. They can also be used to treat a variety of other conditions, including enuresis, pain syndromes like fibromyalgia, and the phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs are a prescription drug that can be used alone or together with stimulants and they can have a positive impact on symptoms of ADHD. They can improve core ADHD symptoms and reduce anxiety, depression, and impulsivity. Additionally, they can help manage the tics, which are repetitive and uncontrollable sounds or movements like throat clearing or blinking. TCAs can cause adverse reactions, including dry mouth and sedation, and increase the risk of developing cardiovascular problems. These medications can negatively interact with other medications such as anticholinergics and should not be used by women who are pregnant. They can also cause teratogenic effects in animals and they can cross the placenta. Speak to your doctor if concerned. There are antidepressants that are more recent that are less likely of adverse effects. Selective serotonin Reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) The SSRIs are a type of antidepressants that hinder serotonin reuptake in neurons and increase the amount of available serotonin for signaling. They also reduce anxiety and decrease impulsive behavior. They are used as adhd medication because they improve symptoms in some people and may be beneficial along with other medication. Examples of SSRIs include paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine and citalopram. They exhibit linear pharmacokinetics and have a lower clearance from the human body. However, they are extensively processed by CYP450 enzymes inside the liver. This results in varying blood concentrations. These drugs can also be prescribed to treat other disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and generalized anxiety disorder and the bulimia nervosa. The SSRIs fluoxetine and escitalopram and sertraline may help to reduce PTSD fundamental symptoms. However, they don't appear to be effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. SSRIs can cause a rare side effect known as sexual dysfunction. If you are thinking about taking one of these medications, it is important to talk with your doctor. It is typical for people to have to try several different types of ADHD medication before they can find the one that works best for them. The medications are constantly being developed and tested. It is important to inform all medications you take to your doctor. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) If stimulant drugs don't help adults suffering from ADHD doctors recommend a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibit (SNRI). These medications boost levels of norepinephrine and serotonin, two brain chemicals. They also aid in improving mood and reduce depression and anxiety. SNRIs are similar to TCAs however, they are more secure and have less side effects. They are prescribed for a variety of conditions including anxiety disorders, long-term pain like fibromyalgia, and nerve pain. adhd medication side effects IamPsychiatry are also sometimes used as an add-on treatment for depression. Examples of SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta) and Venlafaxine (Effexor). These medications act by inhibiting the reabsorption (reuptake) of norepinephrine which is a natural reaction in the brain after neurotransmission. This causes a greater than normal phasic release. The increased norepinephrine levels help increase concentration and mood. Although SNRIs haven't been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD Some doctors do use them as a substitute for stimulants. They are most often taken orally as pills but they can also be used as patches or liquids. In April 2021, the FDA approved an oral SNRI known as viloxazine (Qelbree) to treat ADHD in adolescents and children. It is not a controlled medication because it does not have the potential to be misused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that affect the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. They are prescribed to treat anxiety and depression disorders, but also aid in the management of ADHD symptoms. SNRI drugs such as duloxetine and venlafaxine have been proven in numerous studies to significantly reduce scores on a variety of ADHD questionnaires. SNRIs can increase blood pressure or interact with other medications. Therefore, it's important to consult with a physician prior to taking these medications. In addition, improperly disposed medication can cause harm to both humans and animals. Therefore, it is essential to follow the correct disposal guidelines. SSRIs and SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA to treat ADHD However, doctors are able prescribe them without a prescription. They are safe and effective, and have fewer adverse effects than stimulants. Speak to your doctor and discuss the symptoms of your child. SNRIs can increase the body's levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, but are not suitable for everyone. For example women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not take SNRIs, because they can be absorbed into breast milk. They should also not be taken by those with high blood pressure, liver problems, or other cardiovascular conditions. Selective dopamine Reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people with ADHD discover that medication can help increase their focus and concentration. Some individuals may also notice a decrease in impulsive behavior. The medication is often combined with behavioral therapy and skills training to help individuals learn how to control their symptoms. It takes time to determine the appropriate dosage and medication for each person. In this process, doctors monitor physical reactions to determine the right balance of benefits and side effects. Stimulant drugs, such as methylphenidate, enhance the activity of certain brain chemicals that control memory and attention. While they are generally effective and safe for the majority of people, they can trigger serious side effects such as diminished appetite and sleep problems. These side effects typically disappear after a few weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. Non-stimulant drugs are also available for children as well as adults. They take longer to begin working, but they are able to improve concentration and impulse control. They can include alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine, viloxazine) and Guanfacine hydrochloride. Antidepressants can also be effective in treating ADHD. They can boost norepinephrine levels, a neurotransmitter in the brain that aids in impulsive behaviors and depression. Bupropion, a depressant, has been used to treat ADHD. It was prescribed “off-label”, but drugmakers developed extended-release versions, and the FDA approved its use as an treatment.